Kabul [Pashto/Dari: کابل‎, Kâbol, pronounced [ˈkɒːbul]; English: /ˈkɑːbʊl/] is the capital of Afghanistan as well as its largest city, located in the eastern section of the country. According to estimates in 2015, the population of Kabul is 4.635 million,[1] which includes all the major ethnic groups.[2] Rapid urbanization had made Kabul the world's 64th largest city.[3]
Kabul is located high up in a narrow valley between the Hindu Kush mountains, with an elevation of 1,790 metres [5,873 ft] making it one of the highest capitals in the world. The city is said to be over 3,500 years old, mentioned since at least the time of the Achaemenid Empire. It is at a strategic location along the trade routes of South and Central Asia, and a key location of the ancient Silk Road. It has been part of the Achaemenids followed by the Seleucids, Mauryans, Kushans, Kabul Shahis, Saffarids, Samanids, Ghaznavids, Ghurids, Khwarazmians, Qarlughids, Khaljis, Timurids, Mughals, and Hotaks, until finally becoming part of the Durrani Empire [also known as the "Afghan Empire"] in 1747.[4] Kabul became the capital of Afghanistan in 1776, during the reign of Timur Shah Durrani, the son of Ahmad Shah Durrani.
In the early 19th century, the British occupied the city but after establishing foreign relations they were compelled to withdraw all forces from Afghanistan. The city was occupied by the Soviets in 1979 but they too abandoned it after the 1988 Geneva Accords were signed. A civil war in the 1990s between various rebel groups destroyed much of the city, resulting in many casualties.[5]
Kabul is known for its historical gardens, quaint bazaars, and vast amount of palaces.[6][7][8] It was also formerly a mecca for young western hippies.[9][10] Since the removal of the Taliban from power in late 2001, the city gradually began rebuilding itself with assistance from the international community. Despite the many terrorist attacks by anti-state elements, the city is greatly developing and was the fifth fastest-growing city in the world as of 2012.[11] The city is divided into 22 districts.